In Louisiana the descendants of Africans refer to themselves and to those descended from French and Spanish colonials who were resident in the region before the Louisiana Purchase as Creole, but the latter use the term in reference to themselves exclusively.
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It applied to locally born people of full European and mixed indigenous-European descent in Argentina and Uruguay but only to locally born people of full European descent in Mexico and Panama. In the early 21st century, for instance, it applied to people of African or mixed descent in Mauritius, but on the neighbouring island of Réunion it applied to any locally born person. The meaning of creole, when applied to people, is not fixed rather, its use has varied with speaker and place.
It was also used as an adjective to characterize plants, animals, and customs typical of the same regions. By the early 17th century the word was adopted into French (and, to some extent, English) usage to refer to people of African or European descent who had been born in the American and Indian Ocean colonies. Origins of the termĬoined in the colonies that Spain and Portugal founded in the Americas, creole was originally used in the 16th century to refer to locally born individuals of Spanish, Portuguese, or African descent as distinguished from those born in Spain, Portugal, or Africa. Examples from Africa include Sango, a creole based on the Ngbandi language and spoken in the Central African Republic Kinubi, based on the Arabic language and spoken in Uganda and Kikongo-Kituba and Lingala, which are based on Kikongo-Kimanyanga and Bobangi, respectively, and are spoken in both the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Republic of the Congo. Some linguists extend the term creole to varieties that emerged from contacts between primarily non-European languages. However, some linguists who assume that creoles are erstwhile pidgins. …complex as those of related creoles and are called expanded pidgins. Papiamentu is thought to have also been heavily influenced by Spanish. Creole languages include varieties that are based on French, such as Haitian Creole, Louisiana Creole, and Mauritian Creole English, such as Gullah (on the Sea Islands of the southeastern United States), Jamaican Creole, Guyanese Creole, and Hawaiian Creole and Portuguese, such as Papiamentu (in Aruba, Bonaire, and Curaçao) and Cape Verdean and some have bases in multiple European languages, such as two creoles found in Suriname, Saramacca (based on English and heavily influenced by Portuguese) and Sranan (based on English and heavily influenced by Dutch). Most commonly, creoles have resulted from the interactions between speakers of nonstandard varieties of European languages and speakers of non-European languages. Exceptions include Brazil, where no creole emerged, and Cape Verde and the Lesser Antilles, where creoles developed in slave depots rather than on plantations. Creole languages most often emerged in colonies located near the coasts of the Atlantic Ocean or the Indian Ocean.
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